ABSTRACT
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted wide attention due to its unique advantages such as minimal invasiveness, high efficiency and high selectivity, and its ability to induce anti-tumor immune response. However, the treatment process is heavily dependent on the oxygen content of the treatment site, and the widespread oxygen deficiency in malignant tumors severely limits its efficacy. In addition, PDT-mediated oxygen depletion exacerbates tumor hypoxia, which further reduces its therapeutic effect. In recent years, many researches have been devoted to overcoming this problem. This paper summarized various strategies based on tumor hypoxic PDT in recent years, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, and analyzing the main challenges and future directions of PDT in the treatment of tumors, so as to provide references for the in-depth study of photodynamic therapy of tumors.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a kind of emergency treatment for cardiopulmonary arrest, and chest compression is the most important and necessary part of CPR. The American Heart Association published the new Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care in 2010 and demanded for better performance of chest compression practice, especially in compression depth and rate. The current study was to explore the relationship of quality indexes of chest compression and to identify the key points in chest compression training and practice.METHODS: Totally 219 healthcare workers accepted chest compression training by using Laerdal ACLS advanced life support resuscitation model. The quality indexes of chest compression, including compression hands placement, compression rate, compression depth, and chest wall recoil as well as self-reported fatigue time were monitored by the Laerdal Computer Skills and Reporting System.RESULTS: The quality of chest compression was related to the gender of the compressor. The indexes in males, including self-reported fatigue time, the accuracy of compression depth and the compression rate, the accuracy of compression rate, were higher than those in females. However, the accuracy of chest recoil was higher in females than in males. The quality indexes of chest compression were correlated with each other. The self-reported fatigue time was related to all the indexes except the compression rate.CONCLUSION: It is necessary to offer CPR training courses regularly. In clinical practice, it might be better to change the practitioner before fatigue, especially for females or weak practitioners. In training projects, more attention should be paid to the control of compression rate, in order to delay the fatigue, guarantee enough compression depth and improve the quality of chest compression.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of sinus heart rate turbulence(HRT)and the heart rate variability(HRV)in the patients with essential hypertension(EH).Methods HRV and HRT examination were carried out in sixty patients with EH.A subgroup of patients receive metoprolol+nifedipine(n=26)or nife- dipine alone(n=34)were investigated seperately to evaluate the effect of ?-blocker on the HRV and HRT.Fifty healthy persons were served as control.In the HRT determination,turbulence onset(TO)was defined as sinus heart rate acceleration,after ventrieular mature beat while turbulence slope(TS)as sinus heart rate deceleration slope after ventricular premsture beat.Normal value of TO was2.5 ms/RR period. SDNN,RMSSD,LF/HF in HRV were analysed from 24 hours ambulatory electrocardiography(before and after 1 month medication).Results ① In hypertensive group,52 patients showed positive TO(86.6%),48 patients pos- itive TS(80.0%)and 46 patients TO+TS(76.7%),compared with hypertension group only 2(4%)positive TO and 3(6%)positive TS in the healthy control.Forty-two cases SDNN(70.0%),41 cases RMSSD(68.3%)and 38 cases LF/HF(63.3 %)were positive in hypertensive group,while only 1(2 %)SDNN,1(2 %)RMSSD and 3(6 %) LF/HF in control. ② Metoprolol didn't change the positive percentage of parameters in HRT but parameters showing Heart rate variablity in HRV was decreased significantly found between TO,TS and TO+TS.Conclusion HRT and HRV is two indices for determination the dysfunction of autonomic nervous system in hypertension.?-re ceptor blocker inhibit sympathic activity,miligate the decreasing of HRV,but the bipbase accelerative and decelera- tive phenomena of HRT didn't change,HRT seems to be a more sensitive index for monitoring of autonomic sysfunc tion in hypertension.